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81.
Kenji Yasuda Ikuko Yoda Katsuya Kawamoto 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2009,11(4):328-338
Surrogate measurements should be low in cost and quick to perform. To examine its feasibility, continuous surrogate monitoring
was performed using an organic halogen compound (OHC) analyzer. Surrogates for dioxins (DXNs) from waste incinerators were
examined by changing the operating conditions such as the atomized volume of activated carbon added and the temperature at
the inlet of the dust collector. OHCs were measured along with DXNs in flue gas at the inlet and the outlet of the dust collector
of two waste incinerators over five runs; the fly ash was sampled at the same time. Although the final flue gas concentration
of DXNs at the incineration plants was below the regulation criteria, this does not mean complete reduction of DXNs. In addition,
the de novo synthesis of DXNs inside the dust collectors was studied by analyzing the mass balance for DXNs concentrations
in flue gas and fly ash. Semivolatile chlorinated organic compound concentrations at the outlet of the bag filter were basically
well correlated with DXNs levels at the inlet of the bag filter in the test runs. When advanced flue gas treatment is applied
by using a bag filter and lime/activated carbon adsorbent, DXNs that may be generated during flue gas cooling processes move
to the fly ash, and this amount determines the mass balance of the entire system. It may be useful to monitor surrogate organic
halogens for detecting changes in DXN concentrations of both flue gas and fly ash in incineration plants. 相似文献
82.
Takeuchi M Kawabe Y Watanabe E Oiwa T Takahashi M Nanba K Kamagata Y Hanada S Ohko Y Komai T 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2011,124(1-4):14-24
In order to determine whether natural attenuation of chlorinated ethenes by microbial activity occurs in aquitards, sediments at a site contaminated with tetrachloroethene were vertically studied by drilling. The distribution of microbes (Dehalococcoides group and anaerobic hydrogen producers) and the ability of the sediments to sustain microbial dechlorination were determined in an aquitard as well as in an aquifer. Close-spaced sampling revealed the existence of large populations of Dehalococcoides and H(2)-producing bacteria, especially in the organic-rich clayey aquitard rather than in the aquifer. The vinyl chloride reductase gene was also detected in the clay layer. Furthermore, incubation experiments indicated that the clay sediment could sustain transformations of tetrachloroethene at least to vinyl chloride. In contrast, no significant transformation was observed in the aquifer sand. Our results indicate that dechlorination of tetrachloroethene by bacteria can take place in an organic-rich clayey aquitard, and that organic-rich clay may also be important in the natural attenuation in an adjacent aquifer, possibly supplying a carbon source or an electron donor. 相似文献
83.
When light (> 370 nm) was allowed to interact with an aqueous solution containing dissolved organic matter (DOM) and Fe(III), removal of aniline (AN) was observed. This was due to the photocatalytic reaction of Fe(III) mediated by DOM. Syringic acid (SYA) and humic acid (HA) were used as DOM in the present study. The 15N‐NMR spectrum of the product mixture from the light irradiation of the SYA/Fe(III) system demonstrated that AN was covalently bound to SYA. The kinetics of AN removal were, therefore, interpreted by assuming covalent binding between DOM and AN. The amounts of covalent binding sites and the apparent second‐order rate constants could be evaluated, and the amounts of covalent binding sites decreased with the increases of the concentration of DOM. This is attributed that the polymerization of DOM by the photo‐oxidation competed with the covalent binding between AN and DOM. 相似文献
84.
Carla Alecrim Colaço Ramos Fernanda Duarte Amaral Ruy Kenji Papa de Kikuchi Eduardo Marocci Chaves Gabriel Rivas de Melo 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,162(1-4):95-101
Long-term monitoring program of organisms is the most recommended for understanding changing processes on reefs. The video transect method presents advantages for that. Specialists state that it is important to make sure that the recorded coverage is always the same between campaigns, so that differences in results may be entirely attributed to environmental changes. This study aimed to test the capability of implementing this requirement through tracking simulation and its validity for monitoring the benthic communities of reefs using the video transect method. Ten transects 20 m long were established in Todos os Santos Bay coral reefs. Subsequent to the first transect capture, a second diver repeated the same track, simulating two different monitoring campaigns. Data were transformed and a matrix of similarity was generated using Bray–Curtis’ Index. ANOSIM analysis was performed to test the similarity of the ten transects and its repetitions. The result, R = 0.08 (P = 0.928), shows that reef monitoring using video transect, the way it is described in the literature, is appropriate, but it is important to consider some premises discussed in this work. 相似文献
85.
86.
In natural environments, bacteria often exist in close association with surfaces and interfaces. There they form "biofilms", multicellular aggregates held together by an extracellular matrix. The biofilms confer on the constituent cells high resistance to environmental stresses and diverse microenvironments that help generate cellular heterogeneity. Here we report on the ability of Pseudomonas stutzeri T102 biofilm-associated cells, as compared with that of planktonic cells, to degrade naphthalene and survive in petroleum-contaminated soils. In liquid culture system, T102 biofilm-associated cells did not degrade naphthalene during initial hours of incubation but then degraded it faster than planktonic cells, which degraded naphthalene at a nearly constant rate. This delayed but high degradation activity of the biofilms could be attributed to super-activated cells that were detached from the biofilms. When the fitness of T102 biofilm-associated cells was tested in natural petroleum-contaminated soils, they were capable of surviving for 10 wk; by then T102 planktonic cells were mostly extinct. Naphthalene degradation activity in the soils that had been inoculated with T102 biofilms was indeed higher than that observed in soils inoculated with T102 planktonic cells. These results suggest that inoculation of contaminated soils with P. stutzeri T102 biofilms should enable bioaugmentation to be a more durable and effective bioremediation technology than inoculation with planktonic cells. 相似文献
87.
Kan-ichiro Matsumura Rover J. Hijmans Yann Chemin Christopher D. Elvidge Kenji Sugimoto Wenbin Wu Yang-won Lee Ryosuke Shibasaki 《Sustainability Science》2009,4(2):301-313
Rice plays a major role in the global supply and demand for sustainable food production. The constraints of maintaining sustainable
rice production are closely linked to the relationship between the distribution patterns of human activity on the planet and
economic growth. Global patterns of rice production can be mapped by using various criteria linked to domestic income, population
patterns, and associated satellite brightness data of rice-producing regions. Prosperous regions have more electric lighting,
and there are documented correlations between gross domestic product (GDP) and nighttime light. We chose to examine global
rice production patterns on a geographical basis. For the purposes of this study, each country is considered to be made up
of regions, and rice production is discussed in terms of regional distribution. A region is delineated by its administrative
boundaries; the number of regions where rice is produced is about 13,839. We used gridded spatial population distribution
data overlain by nocturnal light imagery derived from satellite imagery. The resultant relationship revealed a correlation
between regional income (nominal values of GDP were used) and rice production in the world. The following criteria were used
to examine the supply and demand structure of rice. Global rice consumption = “caloric rice consumption per capita per day”
multiplied by “regional population values”. Regional rice yields = “country-based production” divided by “harvested area”
(multiple harvests are taken into account). Regional rice production = “regional harvested areas” multiplied by “rice yield
values”. We compared regional rice consumption and production values according to these methods. Analysis of the data sets
generated a map of rice supply and demand. Inter-regional shipping costs were not accounted for. This map can contribute to
the understanding of food security issues in rice-producing regions and to estimating potential population values in such
regions. 相似文献
88.
Kunihiro Fukui Satoshi KidoguchiNaoki Arimitsu Kenji JikiharaTetsuya Yamamoto Hideto Yoshida 《Journal of environmental management》2009
Waste incineration fly ash was successfully recycled to calcium phosphate hydrogel, a type of fast proton conductor. The crystallized hydrogel from incineration fly ash had a lower electric conductivity and a lower crystallinity than that from calcium carbonate reagent. However, the difference in electric conductivity between these crystallized hydrogels decreases with temperature. This was due to the presence of potassium in the incineration fly ash. The fuel cell with a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) using the calcium phosphate hydrogel membrane prepared from incineration fly ash was observed to generate electricity. The performance of this fuel cell was almost equal to that of a mixture of K2CO3 and CaCO3 reagents; further, the performance of the former was superior to the fuel cell with a perfluorosulfonic polymer membrane at temperatures greater than approximately 85 °C. 相似文献
89.
90.
E.D.?David?MorganEmail author John?M.?Brand Kenji?Mori Sarah?J.?Keegans 《Chemoecology》2004,14(2):119-120
Summary. The major component of the trail pheromone of
the myrmicine ant Crematogaster castanea
has been identified as (R)-2-dodecanol from
the tibial glands of the hind legs. The substance gave activity comparable to the
contents of 8 tibial glands at a concentration of 1 pg per 32 cm trail. 相似文献